// Copyright (c) 2014 Alexander A. Stepanov and Daniel E. Rose
//
// Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute and sell this software
// and its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without
// fee, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies
// and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice
// appear in supporting documentation. The authors make no
// representations about the suitability of this software for any
// purpose. It is provided "as is" without express or implied
// warranty.
//
// This code accompanies the "fM2GP" book:
//
//	From Mathematics to Generic Programming
//	by Alexander Stepanov and Daniel E. Rose
//	Addison-Wesley Professional, 2015
//
// -------------------------------------------------------------------
// ch02.h -- Functions from Chapter 2 of fM2GP.
// -------------------------------------------------------------------

// Section 2.1

bool odd(int n) { return n & 0x1; }
int half(int n) { return n >> 1; }

int multiply0(int n, int a) {
    if (n == 1) return a;
    return multiply0(n - 1, a) + a;
}

int multiply1(int n, int a) {
    if (n == 1) return a;
    int result = multiply1(half(n), a + a);
    if (odd(n)) result = result + a;
    return result;
}

int multiply_by_15(int a) {
    int b = (a + a) + a;
    int c = b + b;
    return (c + c) + b;
}

// Section 2.2

int mult_acc0(int r, int n, int a) {
    if (n == 1) return r + a;
    if (odd(n)) {
        return mult_acc0(r + a, half(n), a + a);
    } else {
        return mult_acc0(r, half(n), a + a);
    }
}

int mult_acc1(int r, int n, int a) {
    if (n == 1) return r + a;
    if (odd(n)) r = r + a;
    return mult_acc1(r, half(n), a + a);
}

int mult_acc2(int r, int n, int a) {
    if (odd(n)) {
        r = r + a;
        if (n == 1) return r;
    }
    return mult_acc2(r, half(n), a + a);
}

int mult_acc3(int r, int n, int a) {
    if (odd(n)) {
        r = r + a;
        if (n == 1) return r;
    }
    n = half(n);
    a = a + a;
    return mult_acc3(r, n, a);
}

int mult_acc4(int r, int n, int a) {
  while (true) {
    if (odd(n)) {
      r = r + a;
      if (n == 1) return r;
    }
    n = half(n);
    a = a + a;
  }
}

int multiply2(int n, int a) {
    if (n == 1) return a;
    return mult_acc4(a, n - 1, a);
}

int multiply3(int n, int a) {
    while (!odd(n)) {
        a = a + a;
        n = half(n);
    }
    if (n == 1) return a;
    return mult_acc4(a, n - 1, a);
}

int multiply4(int n, int a) {
    while (!odd(n)) {
        a = a + a;
        n = half(n);
    }
    if (n == 1) return a;
    // even(n - 1) => n - 1 != 1
    return mult_acc4(a, half(n - 1), a + a);
}